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Subject: =?utf-8?Q?Now=20I=20Know=3A=C2=A0Why=20Pisa=E2=80=99s=20Tower=20Leans?=
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And: is it just part of an old European dance craze? (Well=2C no.)

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s a re-run=2C originally from 2010. (The Weekender is still TBD.) -- Dan (=
http://s.nowiknow.com/DLewisNet)


** Why Pisa=E2=80=99s Tower Leans
------------------------------------------------------------

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is over 800 years old.  Construction started on=
 it in 1173 and=2C almost two centuries later (and after two work stoppage=
s)=2C completed in the 1370s.   For history=E2=80=99s sake=2C it is a good=
 thing that there were two work stoppages =E2=80=94 otherwise=2C the struc=
ture probably would have collapsed long ago.  The Tower is built on=2C bas=
ically=2C a marsh =E2=80=94 a thin layer of alluvial silt (http://s.nowikn=
ow.com/2voNXQl)  atop soft marine clay.   The work stoppages gave time for=
 the existing incomplete infrastructure to settle in the soft soil=2C comp=
acting the ground beneath it and=2C effectively=2C letting Mother Earth ad=
apt before construction resumed.  A minor miracle=2C in and of itself.

It therefore makes sense that the Tower is unstable=2C likely to shift its=
 position any which way as time passes.  But the mystery runs deeper.  The=
 Leaning Tower of Pisa only leans to the south.  Assuming the unstable gro=
und beneath is uniformly so=2C that did not make a lot of sense.

In 1989=2C the Tower was leaning roughly 15 feet off its center=2C when di=
saster struck =E2=80=94 in Milan.  Another tower=2C the Civic Tower of Pav=
ia (http://s.nowiknow.com/2vo26xt) =2C crumbled=2C killing four passersby.=
  Fearing a similar fate for Pisa=2C the Italian government closed the tow=
er and made a $40 million grant to researchers=2C hoping to stave off the=
 Tower=E2=80=99s tilt into destruction.   The task was daunting=2C as rese=
archers were split =E2=80=94 some believed the problem was with the underl=
ying land; others believed the problem was with the structure itself.  Red=
oubling these problems were the art historians=2C who insisted on preservi=
ng the artistic value of the Tower; in short=2C propping the Tower up was=
 a non-starter.

Finding a solution took four different tries and almost a decade.  In the=
 end=2C the team used something called =E2=80=9Csoil extraction=E2=80=9D=
 =E2=80=94 as described (http://s.nowiknow.com/2vorzXl)  by the Telegraph=
 (UK)=2C this meant =E2=80=9Cdrilling out slivers of soil from beneath the=
 northern side of the tower =E2=80=93 away from the lean =E2=80=93 and all=
owing gravity to coax the structure back upright.=E2=80=9D  It was a nuanc=
ed task in and of itself.   Professor John Burland=2C a soil engineer at t=
he Imperial College London=2C lead the efforts with the help of 120 sensor=
s placed in=2C around=2C and outside the Tower=2C and an army of fax machi=
nes.  For two years=2C twice a day=2C the sensor readings were faxed to hi=
s attention; he=E2=80=99d run some calculations and inform the drillers ho=
w to continue.  The Tower re-opened in late 2001.

In capturing all these data points =E2=80=94 two a day for two years =E2=
=80=94 Burland had in front of him the answer to the previously unanswerab=
le question of the Tower=E2=80=99s southward tilt.  In 2003=2C he figured=
 it out.  The water table (http://s.nowiknow.com/2vovXWF)  on the north si=
de of the Tower rose up to a foot higher at times during Pisa=E2=80=99s ra=
iny season.  In effect=2C the water tower slowly=2C slightly=2C and tempor=
arily boosted the land on the north side=2C pushing the Tower to lean sout=
h.   Using a custom drainage system to normalize the water table=2C Burlan=
d has stemmed the Tower=E2=80=99s further tilt entirely =E2=80=94 since th=
e solution was put in place seven [now 14!] years ago=2C the Tower=E2=80=
=99s tilt has remained the same.
http://s.nowiknow.com/NIKPatreon
Now I Know is supported by readers like you. Please consider becoming a pa=
tron by supporting the project on Patreon. Click here to pledge your suppo=
rt (http://s.nowiknow.com/NIKPatreon) .
Bonus fact: Groundwater flows can prevent problems=2C too.  In 1958=2C the=
 town of Concord=2C Massachusetts opened a landfill adjacent to Walden Pon=
d=2C the eponymous site of Henry David Thoreau=E2=80=99s On Walden Pond. =
 Because the groundwater table ran from the pond to the landfill (and not=
 vice versa)=2C the pond remained relatively unpolluted by the nearby refu=
se.=E2=80=8B

From the Archives: Patent Leather Shoes (http://dlewis.net/nik-archives/pa=
tent-leather-shoes/) : How Michael Jackson managed to pull off an incredib=
le=2C gravity-defying lean of his own.

Related: A 3-d=2C Leaning Tower of Pisa puzzle (http://s.nowiknow.com/2v5D=
xKs) .

http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/click?s=3D97521&sz=3D300x250&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3D=
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    <body style=3D"height: 100%;margin: 0;padding: 0;width: 100%;-ms-text-=
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display:none; font-size:0px; line-height:0px; max-height:0px; max-width:0p=
x; opacity:0; overflow:hidden; visibility:hidden; mso-hide:all;">And: is i=
t just part of an old European dance craze? (Well=2C no.)</span><!--<![en=
dif]-->
=09=09<!--
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        <center>
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                        <!-- BEGIN TEMPLATE // -->
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                            <tr>
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" style=3D"background:#FAFAFA none no-repeat center/cover;mso-line-height-=
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bottom: 0;padding-top: 9px;padding-bottom: 9px;"><table border=3D"0" cellp=
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              =09<!--[if mso]>
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                <table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cells=
pacing=3D"0" style=3D"max-width: 210px;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table=
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                        <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
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size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #656565;font-family: Helve=
tica;font-size: 12px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">


                        </td>
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=09=09=09=09</td>
=09=09=09=09<![endif]-->

=09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
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=09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
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pacing=3D"0" style=3D"max-width: 390px;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table=
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-size-adjust: 100%;" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextContentContainer">
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                        <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
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8px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-=
size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #656565;font-family: Helve=
tica;font-size: 12px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">

                            <div style=3D"text-align: right;"><a href=3D"h=
ttp://nowiknow.us1.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50b=
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00%;color: #656565;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;">View t=
his email in your browser</a>&nbsp;=C2=B7&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://nowiknow.=
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fdfe&e=3Dcd30a9a755" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size=
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ormal;text-decoration: underline;">Missed one? Visit the Archives</a></div=
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=09=09=09=09</td>
=09=09=09=09<![endif]-->

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tom: 0;padding-top: 9px;padding-bottom: 0;"><table border=3D"0" cellpaddin=
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                <table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" al=
ign=3D"center" style=3D"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;border-collap=
se: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adj=
ust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td colspan=3D"2" st=
yle=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-te=
xt-size-adjust: 100%;"><a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage1.com/tra=
ck/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D0a6c76aa42&e=3Dcd30a9a755" re=
l=3D"nofollow" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust=
: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><img src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/=
imp?s=3D188055&amp;layout=3Dmarquee&amp;li=3D689d00e31c&amp;e=3D=
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le=3D"background:#FFFFFF none no-repeat center/cover;mso-line-height-rule:=
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und-color: #FFFFFF;background-image: none;background-repeat: no-repeat;bac=
kground-position: center;background-size: cover;border-top: 0;border-botto=
m: 2px solid #EAEAEA;padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 9px;"><table border=3D=
"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextBlo=
ck" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0=
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lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextContent=
Container">
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                        <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
=3D"padding-top: 0;padding-right: 18px;padding-bottom: 9px;padding-left: 1=
8px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-=
size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #202020;font-family: Helve=
tica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">

                            <div><em>Just likes yesterday: I'm on vacation=
 this week=2C so today's Now I Know is a&nbsp;re-run=2C originally from 20=
10. (The Weekender is still TBD.) --&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.l=
ist-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D949248ae12&e=
=3Dcd30a9a755" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjus=
t: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;=
text-decoration: underline;">Dan</a></em>

<h1 style=3D"display: block;margin: 0;padding: 0;color: #202020;font-famil=
y: Helvetica;font-size: 26px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-hei=
ght: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><font color=3D"#000080=
">Why Pisa=E2=80=99s Tower Leans</font></h1>
</div>

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00%" class=3D"mcnImageBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
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0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
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                <td valign=3D"top" style=3D"padding: 9px;mso-line-height-r=
ule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" c=
lass=3D"mcnImageBlockInner">
                    <table align=3D"left" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cell=
padding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"mcnImageContentContainer" style=
=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-ta=
ble-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;=
">
                        <tbody><tr>
                            <td class=3D"mcnImageContent" valign=3D"top" s=
tyle=3D"padding-right: 9px;padding-left: 9px;padding-top: 0;padding-bottom=
: 0;text-align: center;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:=
 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">


                                        <img align=3D"center" alt=3D"" src=
=3D"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46/images/a7a2f56=
d-76ce-47ab-8965-91b304217398.jpg" width=3D"300" style=3D"max-width: 300px=
;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline !important;vertical-align: bottom;borde=
r: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mo=
de: bicubic;" class=3D"mcnImage">


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</table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
00%" class=3D"mcnTextBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: coll=
apse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100=
%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
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        <tr>
            <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextBlockInner" style=3D"paddin=
g-top: 9px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webki=
t-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
              =09<!--[if mso]>
=09=09=09=09<table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpaddi=
ng=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"width:100%;">
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=09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
=09=09=09=09<td valign=3D"top" width=3D"600" style=3D"width:600px;">
=09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
                <table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cells=
pacing=3D"0" style=3D"max-width: 100%;min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextContent=
Container">
                    <tbody><tr>

                        <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
=3D"padding-top: 0;padding-right: 18px;padding-bottom: 9px;padding-left: 1=
8px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-=
size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #202020;font-family: Helve=
tica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">

                            <p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line=
-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:=
 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 1=
50%;text-align: left;">The Leaning Tower of Pisa is over 800 years old.&nb=
sp; Construction started on it in 1173 and=2C almost two centuries later (=
and after two work stoppages)=2C completed in the 1370s.&nbsp;&nbsp; For h=
istory=E2=80=99s sake=2C it is a good thing that there were two work stopp=
ages =E2=80=94 otherwise=2C the structure probably would have collapsed lo=
ng ago.&nbsp; The Tower is built on=2C basically=2C a marsh =E2=80=94 a th=
in layer of&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/clic=
k?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3De624abfe58&e=3Dcd30a9a755" target=3D=
"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%=
;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;text-de=
coration: underline;">alluvial silt</a>&nbsp;atop soft marine clay.&nbsp;&=
nbsp; The work stoppages gave time for the existing incomplete infrastruct=
ure to settle in the soft soil=2C compacting the ground beneath it and=2C=
 effectively=2C letting Mother Earth adapt before construction resumed.&nb=
sp; A minor miracle=2C in and of itself.</p>

<p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-te=
xt-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-fa=
mily: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">It th=
erefore makes sense that the Tower is unstable=2C likely to shift its posi=
tion any which way as time passes.&nbsp; But the mystery runs deeper.&nbsp=
; The Leaning Tower of Pisa only leans to the south.&nbsp; Assuming the un=
stable ground beneath is uniformly so=2C that did not make a lot of sense.=
</p>

<p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-te=
xt-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-fa=
mily: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">In 19=
89=2C the Tower was leaning roughly 15 feet off its center=2C when disaste=
r struck =E2=80=94 in Milan.&nbsp; Another tower=2C the&nbsp;<a href=3D"ht=
tp://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba4=
6&id=3D995d196326&e=3Dcd30a9a755" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-hei=
ght-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100=
%;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;">Civic To=
wer of Pavia</a>=2C crumbled=2C killing four passersby. &nbsp;Fearing a si=
milar fate for Pisa=2C the Italian government closed the tower and made a=
 $40 million grant to researchers=2C hoping to stave off the Tower=E2=80=
=99s tilt into destruction. &nbsp; The task was daunting=2C as researchers=
 were split =E2=80=94 some believed the problem was with the underlying la=
nd; others believed the problem was with the structure itself. &nbsp;Redou=
bling these problems were the art historians=2C who insisted on preserving=
 the artistic value of the Tower; in short=2C propping the Tower up was a=
 non-starter.</p>

<p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-te=
xt-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-fa=
mily: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Findi=
ng a solution took four different tries and almost a decade. &nbsp;In the=
 end=2C the team used something called =E2=80=9Csoil extraction=E2=80=9D=
 =E2=80=94 as&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage2.com/track/c=
lick?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3Db0bbe1296f&e=3Dcd30a9a755" target=
=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 1=
00%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;text=
-decoration: underline;">described</a>&nbsp;by the Telegraph (UK)=2C this=
 meant =E2=80=9Cdrilling out slivers of soil from beneath the northern sid=
e of the tower =E2=80=93 away from the lean =E2=80=93 and allowing gravity=
 to coax the structure back upright.=E2=80=9D &nbsp;It was a nuanced task=
 in and of itself. &nbsp; Professor John Burland=2C a soil engineer at the=
 Imperial College London=2C lead the efforts with the help of 120 sensors=
 placed in=2C around=2C and outside the Tower=2C and an army of fax machin=
es. &nbsp;For two years=2C twice a day=2C the sensor readings were faxed t=
o his attention; he=E2=80=99d run some calculations and inform the driller=
s how to continue. &nbsp;The Tower re-opened in late 2001.</p>

<p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-te=
xt-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-fa=
mily: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">In ca=
pturing all these data points =E2=80=94 two a day for two years =E2=80=94=
 Burland had in front of him the answer to the previously unanswerable que=
stion of the Tower=E2=80=99s southward tilt. &nbsp;In 2003=2C he figured i=
t out. &nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage2.com/trac=
k/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3Daccb264095&e=3Dcd30a9a755" tar=
get=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust=
: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;t=
ext-decoration: underline;">water table</a>&nbsp;on the north side of the=
 Tower rose up to a foot higher at times during Pisa=E2=80=99s rainy seaso=
n. &nbsp;In effect=2C the water tower slowly=2C slightly=2C and temporaril=
y boosted the land on the north side=2C pushing the Tower to lean south. &=
nbsp; Using a custom drainage system to normalize the water table=2C Burla=
nd has stemmed the Tower=E2=80=99s further tilt entirely =E2=80=94 since t=
he solution was put in place seven [now 14!] years ago=2C the Tower=E2=80=
=99s tilt has remained the same.</p>

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ollapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:=
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webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
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g=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-t=
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de: bicubic;" class=3D"mcnImage">
                                    </a>

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</table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
00%" class=3D"mcnTextBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: coll=
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g-top: 9px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webki=
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pacing=3D"0" style=3D"max-width: 100%;min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextContent=
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size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #202020;font-family: Helve=
tica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">

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now is supported by readers like you. Please consider becoming a patron by=
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ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;fo=
nt-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;">Click here to pledge your s=
upport</a>.</em></div>

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00%" class=3D"mcnDividerBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: c=
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%;">
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00%" class=3D"mcnTextBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: coll=
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g-top: 9px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webki=
t-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
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ng=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"width:100%;">
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=09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
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pacing=3D"0" style=3D"max-width: 100%;min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextContent=
Container">
                    <tbody><tr>

                        <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
=3D"padding-top: 0;padding-right: 18px;padding-bottom: 9px;padding-left: 1=
8px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-=
size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #202020;font-family: Helve=
tica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">

                            <div style=3D"text-align: left;"><br>
<font color=3D"#000080"><strong><u>Bonus fact</u></strong></font>: Groundw=
ater flows can prevent problems=2C too.&nbsp; In 1958=2C the town of Conco=
rd=2C Massachusetts&nbsp;opened a landfill adjacent to Walden Pond=2C the=
 eponymous site of Henry David Thoreau=E2=80=99s&nbsp;<em>On Walden Pond</=
em>.&nbsp; Because the groundwater table ran from the pond to the landfill=
 (and not vice versa)=2C the pond remained relatively unpolluted by the ne=
arby refuse.=E2=80=8B<br>
<br>
<font color=3D"#000080"><strong><u>From the Archives</u></strong></font>:=
 <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad8=
9d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D9cfb51a117&e=3Dcd30a9a755" style=3D"mso-line-height-=
rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;co=
lor: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;">Patent Leath=
er Shoes</a>: How Michael Jackson managed to pull off an incredible=2C gra=
vity-defying lean of his own.<br>
&nbsp;</div>
<font color=3D"#000080"><strong><u>Related</u></strong></font>:&nbsp;A 3-d=
=2C Leaning Tower of Pisa&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.=
com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D3e98ab8352&e=3D=
cd30a9a755" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-siz=
e-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight:=
 normal;text-decoration: underline;">puzzle</a>.<br>
&nbsp;
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